1 00:00:00,860 --> 00:00:04,460 the Personnel Launch System or pls is a 2 00:00:04,460 --> 00:00:04,470 the Personnel Launch System or pls is a 3 00:00:04,470 --> 00:00:06,110 the Personnel Launch System or pls is a vehicle which could provide future 4 00:00:06,110 --> 00:00:06,120 vehicle which could provide future 5 00:00:06,120 --> 00:00:08,600 vehicle which could provide future transport of people and small cargo to 6 00:00:08,600 --> 00:00:08,610 transport of people and small cargo to 7 00:00:08,610 --> 00:00:10,970 transport of people and small cargo to and from low-earth orbit although not 8 00:00:10,970 --> 00:00:10,980 and from low-earth orbit although not 9 00:00:10,980 --> 00:00:12,770 and from low-earth orbit although not presently approved for development the 10 00:00:12,770 --> 00:00:12,780 presently approved for development the 11 00:00:12,780 --> 00:00:15,350 presently approved for development the pls is being designed to complement the 12 00:00:15,350 --> 00:00:15,360 pls is being designed to complement the 13 00:00:15,360 --> 00:00:17,510 pls is being designed to complement the space shuttle and is being considered as 14 00:00:17,510 --> 00:00:17,520 space shuttle and is being considered as 15 00:00:17,520 --> 00:00:19,189 space shuttle and is being considered as a future addition to the manned launch 16 00:00:19,189 --> 00:00:19,199 a future addition to the manned launch 17 00:00:19,199 --> 00:00:22,730 a future addition to the manned launch capability of the United States in the 18 00:00:22,730 --> 00:00:22,740 capability of the United States in the 19 00:00:22,740 --> 00:00:24,500 capability of the United States in the era of space station freedom and 20 00:00:24,500 --> 00:00:24,510 era of space station freedom and 21 00:00:24,510 --> 00:00:26,000 era of space station freedom and subsequent missions of the space 22 00:00:26,000 --> 00:00:26,010 subsequent missions of the space 23 00:00:26,010 --> 00:00:28,160 subsequent missions of the space exploration initiative it may be 24 00:00:28,160 --> 00:00:28,170 exploration initiative it may be 25 00:00:28,170 --> 00:00:30,410 exploration initiative it may be important that the United States have an 26 00:00:30,410 --> 00:00:30,420 important that the United States have an 27 00:00:30,420 --> 00:00:32,330 important that the United States have an alternate means of getting people and 28 00:00:32,330 --> 00:00:32,340 alternate means of getting people and 29 00:00:32,340 --> 00:00:36,040 alternate means of getting people and small cargo to low-earth orbit and back 30 00:00:36,040 --> 00:00:36,050 small cargo to low-earth orbit and back 31 00:00:36,050 --> 00:00:39,020 small cargo to low-earth orbit and back to designs being considered for pls 32 00:00:39,020 --> 00:00:39,030 to designs being considered for pls 33 00:00:39,030 --> 00:00:40,700 to designs being considered for pls differ in their aerodynamic properties 34 00:00:40,700 --> 00:00:40,710 differ in their aerodynamic properties 35 00:00:40,710 --> 00:00:43,700 differ in their aerodynamic properties and mission capabilities while the 36 00:00:43,700 --> 00:00:43,710 and mission capabilities while the 37 00:00:43,710 --> 00:00:45,860 and mission capabilities while the Johnson Space Center's approach uses a 38 00:00:45,860 --> 00:00:45,870 Johnson Space Center's approach uses a 39 00:00:45,870 --> 00:00:47,660 Johnson Space Center's approach uses a bi conic shaped capsule with the 40 00:00:47,660 --> 00:00:47,670 bi conic shaped capsule with the 41 00:00:47,670 --> 00:00:49,639 bi conic shaped capsule with the parachute landing the Langley Research 42 00:00:49,639 --> 00:00:49,649 parachute landing the Langley Research 43 00:00:49,649 --> 00:00:53,029 parachute landing the Langley Research Center's design designated the hl-20 is 44 00:00:53,029 --> 00:00:53,039 Center's design designated the hl-20 is 45 00:00:53,039 --> 00:00:54,860 Center's design designated the hl-20 is a winged lifting body which could make 46 00:00:54,860 --> 00:00:54,870 a winged lifting body which could make 47 00:00:54,870 --> 00:00:57,049 a winged lifting body which could make conventional runway landings on return 48 00:00:57,049 --> 00:00:57,059 conventional runway landings on return 49 00:00:57,059 --> 00:00:57,950 conventional runway landings on return from orbit 50 00:00:57,950 --> 00:00:57,960 from orbit 51 00:00:57,960 --> 00:01:00,529 from orbit unlike the space shuttle the PLS would 52 00:01:00,529 --> 00:01:00,539 unlike the space shuttle the PLS would 53 00:01:00,539 --> 00:01:03,049 unlike the space shuttle the PLS would have as a design objective a launch 54 00:01:03,049 --> 00:01:03,059 have as a design objective a launch 55 00:01:03,059 --> 00:01:05,479 have as a design objective a launch abort capability to safely recover the 56 00:01:05,479 --> 00:01:05,489 abort capability to safely recover the 57 00:01:05,489 --> 00:01:09,080 abort capability to safely recover the crew during ascent predating and 58 00:01:09,080 --> 00:01:09,090 crew during ascent predating and 59 00:01:09,090 --> 00:01:10,880 crew during ascent predating and influencing the design of the space 60 00:01:10,880 --> 00:01:10,890 influencing the design of the space 61 00:01:10,890 --> 00:01:13,160 influencing the design of the space shuttle several lifting body aircraft 62 00:01:13,160 --> 00:01:13,170 shuttle several lifting body aircraft 63 00:01:13,170 --> 00:01:15,620 shuttle several lifting body aircraft including the HL 10 were flown by test 64 00:01:15,620 --> 00:01:15,630 including the HL 10 were flown by test 65 00:01:15,630 --> 00:01:18,200 including the HL 10 were flown by test pilots during the period from 1966 to 66 00:01:18,200 --> 00:01:18,210 pilots during the period from 1966 to 67 00:01:18,210 --> 00:01:21,920 pilots during the period from 1966 to 1975 over the past few years the hl-20 68 00:01:21,920 --> 00:01:21,930 1975 over the past few years the hl-20 69 00:01:21,930 --> 00:01:24,140 1975 over the past few years the hl-20 has undergone considerable analysis at 70 00:01:24,140 --> 00:01:24,150 has undergone considerable analysis at 71 00:01:24,150 --> 00:01:26,420 has undergone considerable analysis at langley and has evolved into a mature 72 00:01:26,420 --> 00:01:26,430 langley and has evolved into a mature 73 00:01:26,430 --> 00:01:28,399 langley and has evolved into a mature design with capabilities which 74 00:01:28,399 --> 00:01:28,409 design with capabilities which 75 00:01:28,409 --> 00:01:31,160 design with capabilities which adequately satisfied the PLS design and 76 00:01:31,160 --> 00:01:31,170 adequately satisfied the PLS design and 77 00:01:31,170 --> 00:01:33,950 adequately satisfied the PLS design and mission requirements a lifting body 78 00:01:33,950 --> 00:01:33,960 mission requirements a lifting body 79 00:01:33,960 --> 00:01:36,140 mission requirements a lifting body spacecraft such as the hl-20 80 00:01:36,140 --> 00:01:36,150 spacecraft such as the hl-20 81 00:01:36,150 --> 00:01:38,690 spacecraft such as the hl-20 and the HL 10 shown here would have 82 00:01:38,690 --> 00:01:38,700 and the HL 10 shown here would have 83 00:01:38,700 --> 00:01:41,749 and the HL 10 shown here would have several advantages over other shapes the 84 00:01:41,749 --> 00:01:41,759 several advantages over other shapes the 85 00:01:41,759 --> 00:01:43,760 several advantages over other shapes the spacecraft would fly over large land 86 00:01:43,760 --> 00:01:43,770 spacecraft would fly over large land 87 00:01:43,770 --> 00:01:45,499 spacecraft would fly over large land areas and the number of available 88 00:01:45,499 --> 00:01:45,509 areas and the number of available 89 00:01:45,509 --> 00:01:47,499 areas and the number of available landing opportunities would be increased 90 00:01:47,499 --> 00:01:47,509 landing opportunities would be increased 91 00:01:47,509 --> 00:01:49,910 landing opportunities would be increased wheeled runway landings would be 92 00:01:49,910 --> 00:01:49,920 wheeled runway landings would be 93 00:01:49,920 --> 00:01:51,710 wheeled runway landings would be possible permitting simple 94 00:01:51,710 --> 00:01:51,720 possible permitting simple 95 00:01:51,720 --> 00:01:54,200 possible permitting simple cost-effective precision recovery at 96 00:01:54,200 --> 00:01:54,210 cost-effective precision recovery at 97 00:01:54,210 --> 00:01:56,179 cost-effective precision recovery at many sites around the world including 98 00:01:56,179 --> 00:01:56,189 many sites around the world including 99 00:01:56,189 --> 00:01:59,280 many sites around the world including the Kennedy Space Center launch site 100 00:01:59,280 --> 00:01:59,290 the Kennedy Space Center launch site 101 00:01:59,290 --> 00:02:02,280 the Kennedy Space Center launch site a primary mission of the PLS would be to 102 00:02:02,280 --> 00:02:02,290 a primary mission of the PLS would be to 103 00:02:02,290 --> 00:02:03,900 a primary mission of the PLS would be to deliver passengers to the space station 104 00:02:03,900 --> 00:02:03,910 deliver passengers to the space station 105 00:02:03,910 --> 00:02:06,600 deliver passengers to the space station freedom typically a space station crew 106 00:02:06,600 --> 00:02:06,610 freedom typically a space station crew 107 00:02:06,610 --> 00:02:08,340 freedom typically a space station crew of eight will be delivered by a two 108 00:02:08,340 --> 00:02:08,350 of eight will be delivered by a two 109 00:02:08,350 --> 00:02:11,670 of eight will be delivered by a two person pls flight crew with an overall 110 00:02:11,670 --> 00:02:11,680 person pls flight crew with an overall 111 00:02:11,680 --> 00:02:13,410 person pls flight crew with an overall length of twenty nine point five feet 112 00:02:13,410 --> 00:02:13,420 length of twenty nine point five feet 113 00:02:13,420 --> 00:02:16,440 length of twenty nine point five feet and span across the wingtips of 23.5 114 00:02:16,440 --> 00:02:16,450 and span across the wingtips of 23.5 115 00:02:16,450 --> 00:02:19,260 and span across the wingtips of 23.5 feet the hl-20 concept would be a much 116 00:02:19,260 --> 00:02:19,270 feet the hl-20 concept would be a much 117 00:02:19,270 --> 00:02:20,580 feet the hl-20 concept would be a much smaller craft than the Space Shuttle 118 00:02:20,580 --> 00:02:20,590 smaller craft than the Space Shuttle 119 00:02:20,590 --> 00:02:23,340 smaller craft than the Space Shuttle Orbiter and will fit within the payload 120 00:02:23,340 --> 00:02:23,350 Orbiter and will fit within the payload 121 00:02:23,350 --> 00:02:25,460 Orbiter and will fit within the payload Bay of the shuttle with wings folded 122 00:02:25,460 --> 00:02:25,470 Bay of the shuttle with wings folded 123 00:02:25,470 --> 00:02:28,170 Bay of the shuttle with wings folded using the extensive one tunnel resources 124 00:02:28,170 --> 00:02:28,180 using the extensive one tunnel resources 125 00:02:28,180 --> 00:02:30,420 using the extensive one tunnel resources at Langley researchers compiled a 126 00:02:30,420 --> 00:02:30,430 at Langley researchers compiled a 127 00:02:30,430 --> 00:02:32,360 at Langley researchers compiled a comprehensive aerodynamic and 128 00:02:32,360 --> 00:02:32,370 comprehensive aerodynamic and 129 00:02:32,370 --> 00:02:34,830 comprehensive aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic database on the hl-20 130 00:02:34,830 --> 00:02:34,840 aerothermodynamic database on the hl-20 131 00:02:34,840 --> 00:02:37,710 aerothermodynamic database on the hl-20 concept spanning the entire speed range 132 00:02:37,710 --> 00:02:37,720 concept spanning the entire speed range 133 00:02:37,720 --> 00:02:40,710 concept spanning the entire speed range which the PLS will flock several models 134 00:02:40,710 --> 00:02:40,720 which the PLS will flock several models 135 00:02:40,720 --> 00:02:42,390 which the PLS will flock several models were built for testing the various 136 00:02:42,390 --> 00:02:42,400 were built for testing the various 137 00:02:42,400 --> 00:02:45,060 were built for testing the various tunnels ranging from a 6-foot model used 138 00:02:45,060 --> 00:02:45,070 tunnels ranging from a 6-foot model used 139 00:02:45,070 --> 00:02:47,040 tunnels ranging from a 6-foot model used for forces and moments tests at low 140 00:02:47,040 --> 00:02:47,050 for forces and moments tests at low 141 00:02:47,050 --> 00:02:49,500 for forces and moments tests at low speeds to six-inch models used in 142 00:02:49,500 --> 00:02:49,510 speeds to six-inch models used in 143 00:02:49,510 --> 00:02:52,350 speeds to six-inch models used in hypersonic test results have shown the 144 00:02:52,350 --> 00:02:52,360 hypersonic test results have shown the 145 00:02:52,360 --> 00:02:54,420 hypersonic test results have shown the shape possesses good flying qualities 146 00:02:54,420 --> 00:02:54,430 shape possesses good flying qualities 147 00:02:54,430 --> 00:02:58,140 shape possesses good flying qualities and all speed regimes computational 148 00:02:58,140 --> 00:02:58,150 and all speed regimes computational 149 00:02:58,150 --> 00:03:00,720 and all speed regimes computational fluid dynamics or CFD codes have been 150 00:03:00,720 --> 00:03:00,730 fluid dynamics or CFD codes have been 151 00:03:00,730 --> 00:03:02,699 fluid dynamics or CFD codes have been used at Langley to study flow field 152 00:03:02,699 --> 00:03:02,709 used at Langley to study flow field 153 00:03:02,709 --> 00:03:04,500 used at Langley to study flow field characteristics of the hl-20 154 00:03:04,500 --> 00:03:04,510 characteristics of the hl-20 155 00:03:04,510 --> 00:03:06,780 characteristics of the hl-20 these advanced computational grid 156 00:03:06,780 --> 00:03:06,790 these advanced computational grid 157 00:03:06,790 --> 00:03:09,210 these advanced computational grid techniques were used in conjunction with 158 00:03:09,210 --> 00:03:09,220 techniques were used in conjunction with 159 00:03:09,220 --> 00:03:11,400 techniques were used in conjunction with when tunnel tests to study patterns of 160 00:03:11,400 --> 00:03:11,410 when tunnel tests to study patterns of 161 00:03:11,410 --> 00:03:13,729 when tunnel tests to study patterns of flow field phenomena shock waves 162 00:03:13,729 --> 00:03:13,739 flow field phenomena shock waves 163 00:03:13,739 --> 00:03:16,680 flow field phenomena shock waves stability and control and heating on the 164 00:03:16,680 --> 00:03:16,690 stability and control and heating on the 165 00:03:16,690 --> 00:03:18,660 stability and control and heating on the windward and leeward surfaces of the 166 00:03:18,660 --> 00:03:18,670 windward and leeward surfaces of the 167 00:03:18,670 --> 00:03:20,789 windward and leeward surfaces of the vehicle it was found that heating 168 00:03:20,789 --> 00:03:20,799 vehicle it was found that heating 169 00:03:20,799 --> 00:03:22,680 vehicle it was found that heating predicted by this concept will be within 170 00:03:22,680 --> 00:03:22,690 predicted by this concept will be within 171 00:03:22,690 --> 00:03:24,300 predicted by this concept will be within the limits of space shuttle based 172 00:03:24,300 --> 00:03:24,310 the limits of space shuttle based 173 00:03:24,310 --> 00:03:26,250 the limits of space shuttle based high-temperature a reusable surface 174 00:03:26,250 --> 00:03:26,260 high-temperature a reusable surface 175 00:03:26,260 --> 00:03:28,830 high-temperature a reusable surface insulation except at the nose where 176 00:03:28,830 --> 00:03:28,840 insulation except at the nose where 177 00:03:28,840 --> 00:03:30,420 insulation except at the nose where shuttle bays carbon carbon will be 178 00:03:30,420 --> 00:03:30,430 shuttle bays carbon carbon will be 179 00:03:30,430 --> 00:03:31,610 shuttle bays carbon carbon will be requirement 180 00:03:31,610 --> 00:03:31,620 requirement 181 00:03:31,620 --> 00:03:33,530 requirement in addition to computer modeling of 182 00:03:33,530 --> 00:03:33,540 in addition to computer modeling of 183 00:03:33,540 --> 00:03:35,750 in addition to computer modeling of vehicle controllability during entry a 184 00:03:35,750 --> 00:03:35,760 vehicle controllability during entry a 185 00:03:35,760 --> 00:03:37,729 vehicle controllability during entry a flight simulator has been set up at 186 00:03:37,729 --> 00:03:37,739 flight simulator has been set up at 187 00:03:37,739 --> 00:03:39,710 flight simulator has been set up at Langley to permit pilots to study the 188 00:03:39,710 --> 00:03:39,720 Langley to permit pilots to study the 189 00:03:39,720 --> 00:03:42,440 Langley to permit pilots to study the final landing phase of flight starting 190 00:03:42,440 --> 00:03:42,450 final landing phase of flight starting 191 00:03:42,450 --> 00:03:45,410 final landing phase of flight starting at 15,000 feet the simulation presents a 192 00:03:45,410 --> 00:03:45,420 at 15,000 feet the simulation presents a 193 00:03:45,420 --> 00:03:47,180 at 15,000 feet the simulation presents a realistic view of the approach to a 194 00:03:47,180 --> 00:03:47,190 realistic view of the approach to a 195 00:03:47,190 --> 00:03:49,520 realistic view of the approach to a runway landing using a sidestick 196 00:03:49,520 --> 00:03:49,530 runway landing using a sidestick 197 00:03:49,530 --> 00:03:50,900 runway landing using a sidestick controller at a minimum of 198 00:03:50,900 --> 00:03:50,910 controller at a minimum of 199 00:03:50,910 --> 00:03:53,479 controller at a minimum of instrumentation pilots including one who 200 00:03:53,479 --> 00:03:53,489 instrumentation pilots including one who 201 00:03:53,489 --> 00:03:55,430 instrumentation pilots including one who flew the x-15 rocket plane and the 202 00:03:55,430 --> 00:03:55,440 flew the x-15 rocket plane and the 203 00:03:55,440 --> 00:03:57,500 flew the x-15 rocket plane and the lifting bodies have demonstrated this 204 00:03:57,500 --> 00:03:57,510 lifting bodies have demonstrated this 205 00:03:57,510 --> 00:03:59,660 lifting bodies have demonstrated this configuration to be controllable and 206 00:03:59,660 --> 00:03:59,670 configuration to be controllable and 207 00:03:59,670 --> 00:04:01,990 configuration to be controllable and capable of pinpoint landings a 208 00:04:01,990 --> 00:04:02,000 capable of pinpoint landings a 209 00:04:02,000 --> 00:04:04,339 capable of pinpoint landings a cooperative agreement between NASA and 210 00:04:04,339 --> 00:04:04,349 cooperative agreement between NASA and 211 00:04:04,349 --> 00:04:06,559 cooperative agreement between NASA and North Carolina State and North Carolina 212 00:04:06,559 --> 00:04:06,569 North Carolina State and North Carolina 213 00:04:06,569 --> 00:04:09,380 North Carolina State and North Carolina A&T universities led to the construction 214 00:04:09,380 --> 00:04:09,390 A&T universities led to the construction 215 00:04:09,390 --> 00:04:12,080 A&T universities led to the construction of the full scale model of the hl-20 pls 216 00:04:12,080 --> 00:04:12,090 of the full scale model of the hl-20 pls 217 00:04:12,090 --> 00:04:13,970 of the full scale model of the hl-20 pls for use in further research of this 218 00:04:13,970 --> 00:04:13,980 for use in further research of this 219 00:04:13,980 --> 00:04:16,699 for use in further research of this concept with requirements furnished by 220 00:04:16,699 --> 00:04:16,709 concept with requirements furnished by 221 00:04:16,709 --> 00:04:19,039 concept with requirements furnished by Langley University instructors and 222 00:04:19,039 --> 00:04:19,049 Langley University instructors and 223 00:04:19,049 --> 00:04:20,930 Langley University instructors and students designed the research model 224 00:04:20,930 --> 00:04:20,940 students designed the research model 225 00:04:20,940 --> 00:04:23,629 students designed the research model during their 1990 spring semester with 226 00:04:23,629 --> 00:04:23,639 during their 1990 spring semester with 227 00:04:23,639 --> 00:04:25,330 during their 1990 spring semester with construction following during the summer 228 00:04:25,330 --> 00:04:25,340 construction following during the summer 229 00:04:25,340 --> 00:04:27,980 construction following during the summer the research objectives of the hl-20 230 00:04:27,980 --> 00:04:27,990 the research objectives of the hl-20 231 00:04:27,990 --> 00:04:30,230 the research objectives of the hl-20 model are to assess crew ingress and 232 00:04:30,230 --> 00:04:30,240 model are to assess crew ingress and 233 00:04:30,240 --> 00:04:33,529 model are to assess crew ingress and egress operations assess crew volume and 234 00:04:33,529 --> 00:04:33,539 egress operations assess crew volume and 235 00:04:33,539 --> 00:04:36,110 egress operations assess crew volume and habitability examine fit checks of 236 00:04:36,110 --> 00:04:36,120 habitability examine fit checks of 237 00:04:36,120 --> 00:04:38,060 habitability examine fit checks of various subsystems arrangements and 238 00:04:38,060 --> 00:04:38,070 various subsystems arrangements and 239 00:04:38,070 --> 00:04:40,430 various subsystems arrangements and determine visibility requirements for 240 00:04:40,430 --> 00:04:40,440 determine visibility requirements for 241 00:04:40,440 --> 00:04:42,290 determine visibility requirements for the crew during critical docking and 242 00:04:42,290 --> 00:04:42,300 the crew during critical docking and 243 00:04:42,300 --> 00:04:45,350 the crew during critical docking and landing operations the model will be 244 00:04:45,350 --> 00:04:45,360 landing operations the model will be 245 00:04:45,360 --> 00:04:47,180 landing operations the model will be moved to the Langley Research Center 246 00:04:47,180 --> 00:04:47,190 moved to the Langley Research Center 247 00:04:47,190 --> 00:04:48,920 moved to the Langley Research Center where human factors or search will be 248 00:04:48,920 --> 00:04:48,930 where human factors or search will be 249 00:04:48,930 --> 00:04:51,140 where human factors or search will be conducted later the model will be 250 00:04:51,140 --> 00:04:51,150 conducted later the model will be 251 00:04:51,150 --> 00:04:52,640 conducted later the model will be located at the Johnson Space Center 252 00:04:52,640 --> 00:04:52,650 located at the Johnson Space Center 253 00:04:52,650 --> 00:04:54,980 located at the Johnson Space Center where the research effort will involve 254 00:04:54,980 --> 00:04:54,990 where the research effort will involve 255 00:04:54,990 --> 00:04:56,930 where the research effort will involve members of the astronaut corps who will 256 00:04:56,930 --> 00:04:56,940 members of the astronaut corps who will 257 00:04:56,940 --> 00:04:59,240 members of the astronaut corps who will evaluate the hl-20 for operations 258 00:04:59,240 --> 00:04:59,250 evaluate the hl-20 for operations 259 00:04:59,250 --> 00:05:02,240 evaluate the hl-20 for operations efficiency the Langley Research Center 260 00:05:02,240 --> 00:05:02,250 efficiency the Langley Research Center 261 00:05:02,250 --> 00:05:05,210 efficiency the Langley Research Center has defined a lifting body pls for a 262 00:05:05,210 --> 00:05:05,220 has defined a lifting body pls for a 263 00:05:05,220 --> 00:05:08,180 has defined a lifting body pls for a sure advanced s2 space for future u.s. 264 00:05:08,180 --> 00:05:08,190 sure advanced s2 space for future u.s. 265 00:05:08,190 --> 00:05:10,879 sure advanced s2 space for future u.s. space missions this reusable vehicle 266 00:05:10,879 --> 00:05:10,889 space missions this reusable vehicle 267 00:05:10,889 --> 00:05:13,640 space missions this reusable vehicle designated the hl-20 has been designed 268 00:05:13,640 --> 00:05:13,650 designated the hl-20 has been designed 269 00:05:13,650 --> 00:05:15,909 designated the hl-20 has been designed for safe and reliable operations 270 00:05:15,909 --> 00:05:15,919 for safe and reliable operations 271 00:05:15,919 --> 00:05:19,190 for safe and reliable operations improved operability maintainability and 272 00:05:19,190 --> 00:05:19,200 improved operability maintainability and 273 00:05:19,200 --> 00:05:22,310 improved operability maintainability and affordability and has a potential for 274 00:05:22,310 --> 00:05:22,320 affordability and has a potential for 275 00:05:22,320 --> 00:05:25,010 affordability and has a potential for reducing lifecycle cost associated with 276 00:05:25,010 --> 00:05:25,020 reducing lifecycle cost associated with 277 00:05:25,020 --> 00:05:28,550 reducing lifecycle cost associated with placing people in orbit